Lecture on Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Lecture: Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Introduction

A Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), commonly known as a stroke, is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.

Types of Stroke

• Ischemic Stroke: Caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain. This accounts for about 87% of all strokes.
• Hemorrhagic Stroke: Caused by bleeding into or around the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel.
• Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Often called a mini-stroke, it is a temporary blockage that resolves without permanent damage.

Risk Factors

• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• High cholesterol
• Obesity
• Heart disease
• Family history of stroke

Signs and Symptoms

Remember the acronym FAST:

• F: Facial drooping
• A: Arm weakness
• S: Speech difficulty
• T: Time to call emergency services

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves physical examination, neurological assessment, and imaging tests such as CT scan or MRI to determine the type and location of the stroke.

Treatment

• Ischemic Stroke: Use of clot-busting drugs like tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) within a critical time window.
• Hemorrhagic Stroke: Control of bleeding and reduction of intracranial pressure, often requiring surgery.
• Supportive care, rehabilitation, and prevention of future strokes are essential in all cases.

Prevention

• Control blood pressure and cholesterol
• Maintain a healthy diet and weight
• Exercise regularly
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
• Manage diabetes and heart conditions

Conclusion

Cerebrovascular accidents are life-threatening events that require immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment can significantly improve outcomes. Public awareness and preventive measures are key to reducing the incidence and impact of stroke.